What Philosophy Is Since more than 20 years ago, the legitimacy of philosophy as a scientific field has been called into question. Although there are different views on what philosophy actually is, not everyone has been satisfied by these views. In reality, a lot of individuals believe that philosophy is an entirely mysterious, odd, and secretive subject. Have you ever considered it?
The mother of all science on earth is said to be philosophy. As a result, a lot of people believe that philosophy is the most unique discipline and that it has the highest rank among all other sciences. And a lot of people think that only geniuses can understand philosophy! Wow, that is truly amazing!
So what is philosophy exactly? What are the principles of this scientific philosophy? How about the expansion of these scientific fields' branches? Let's look at the following review so that you are no longer perplexed!
the meaning of philosophy.
The word "philosophy," which is a combination of the Greek terms "philo" and "sophia," actually originates from that language. Sophia denotes "knowledge or wit," while Philo implies "love in the broadest sense." Therefore, it is possible to define this philosophy as the desire to reach the objective of wisdom.
Philosophy is defined by several specialists. According to Poedjawijatna, philosophy is a branch of knowledge that looks for the root of everything that is founded solely on thought. Then, according to Hasbullah Bakry, philosophy is a type of knowledge that deeply examines everything, beginning with divinity, the world, and ending with people, in order to develop understanding about how everything actually is as far as the human mind can go. Plato, another well-known philosopher, defined philosophy as knowledge that strives to discover the fundamental truth.
According to some of these experts' ideas, philosophy is a science that looks for root causes in great detail using human mind and reason. A group of individuals may adopt this ideology as their way of life in order to live the life they envision. This ideology, however, can also be understood as the mindset of a mature, aware individual who views things holistically and with all of their interactions.
Philosophers of Greece.
Due to the fact that the knowledge was in fact derived from Ancient Greek thought, the majority of these philosophers or philosophers were from Greece. These philosophers from Greece lived in the first century BC. Despite the fact that they have been deceased for many centuries, their ideas have influenced this philosophical science. Here are some key figures from Greek philosophy that you should be familiar with.
1. Socrates.
Socrates was alive from 469 until 399 BC. He cares deeply about people and desires that all of them on earth be able to realize themselves. He views the human soul as the most profound principle of life, connected to human nature and the source of his own existence.
In his opinion, he does not intend to force others to adopt his beliefs; rather, he places emphasis on allowing others to voice their own opinions. Therefore, Socrates engages in dialectics, which takes the shape of conversation with others, to allow others to speak or defend their opinions and ideas, allowing for the emergence of fresh perspectives. Despite the fact that Socrates never left any writings expressing his opinions, one of his disciples, Plato, reaffirmed them.
2. Plato.
You must be familiar with the name of this historical philosopher, who is even known by that name. The 427–347 BC philosopher Plato asserted that the most fundamental reality or notion.
According to him, there is a world of sensory experience, sometimes known as the real world, and a world of ideas. The natural world that we perceive is not the genuine reality. It requires a lot of mental energy to join the world of ideas, thus humans must do many things, such as give up their daily routines and restrain their passions. He added that there are three layers to the human soul: reason, taste or desire, and lust. The greatest level of the soul's component, the mind, can be utilized to see concepts and control the "soul level" of other sections.
Do you know that Plato left behind more than 30 literary works, each of which is filled with beauty and purity? The most well-known pupil at the school that Plato founded was Aristotle.
3. Aristotle.
Aristotle was Plato's brightest pupil for 20 years and was alive from 384 to 322 BC. Aristotle enjoyed traveling long distances to different locations and had been Prince Alexander's instructor before he became King Alexander the Great.
Similar to his instructor Plato, he also established the Lyceum as a school. Aristotle is regarded as a critical thinker who conducted extensive research and worked hard to further knowledge throughout his life. He focused mostly on the natural sciences and medicine. Aristotle left behind a wealth of scientific writings that are being utilized as a theoretical foundation today, covering topics like natural science, society and the state, literature, art, and human life.
The writings of Aristotle on logic known as analytics are his most well-known works. If this analysis were to be used today, it would seek to suggest requirements for thinking in order for it to achieve the truth.
4. Thales.
Thales was a philosopher who originated from the Miletus region of Classical Greece and is dated to have lived between 624-548 BC. He is credited as being the first to attempt to shed light on the origin of everything in the cosmos. He had a vision because he lived on every island and saw the ocean every day.
Thales once visited Egypt and saw how the locals utilized the water from the Nile, particularly for agricultural uses. He thinks that water is the source of everything because of this. The constant movement of water is regarded as the foundation of human existence. Isn't his point of view accurate? because without water, mankind would not be able to survive.
5. Anaximenes.
Anaximenes, who lived between the years 585 and 528 BC, disagrees with Thales and genuinely thinks that air is what gives life to all living things in the universe. This point of view is supported by the idea that all living things, including people, breathe by taking in the air present in the universe.
All living organisms on our planet depend on air for their survival, and they would all perish without it. He consequently believes that air is the only source of life for all living things.
6. Pythagoras.
You will always remember the mathematical formula with the same name if you hear or read his name, right? Pythagoras, a well-known philosopher and the creator of the mathematical formula, is to be credited with its creation. Between 580 and 500 BC, Pythagoras lived in Kroton, a city in Southern Italy.
In addition to being a philosopher who thinks that in order for people to discover happiness in their souls, they must undergo spiritual cleaning, he is also a well-known mathematician. As a result, he instills in his students the knowledge that everything in the world is derived from numbers. His worldview is founded on numerical data.
Positions in Philosophy.
As it evolved, a viewpoint or flow became apparent that served as humans' base whenever they wished to conduct an action. These ideas have persisted up until this point in every branch of research. Here are some philosophical viewpoints, though.
One. Idealism.
Plato coined the term "idealism" over 2400 years ago. You must be aware of Plato's contention that the reality that is most fundamental and perceptible to human senses is an idea. This viewpoint places a strong focus on natural idealism, which is spiritual.
Because they believe that life's values exist on a level that transcends the comprehension of particular communities, those who subscribe to this viewpoint frequently appreciate culture and tradition.
2. Humanism.
In truth, education in Greece and Rome from antiquity until the middle of the fourth century AD had as its objective developing people who would make excellent citizens and contribute to their societies. Then, from the fifth through the fourteenth century, there was also education in Europe with a focus on overcoming material necessities and gaining the enjoyment of everlasting life.
Individual humanism and social humanism are the two main tenets of this interpretation of humanism. The freedom of thought, expression, and other creative endeavors are prioritized in individual humanism. These ideas are frequently expressed through the arts, literature, music, and technology. In social humanism, emphasis is placed on community-wide education for social welfare and human interactions.
3. Rationalism.
Rationalism is a point of view that derives its knowledge from human reason. Both a modern philosopher and the originator of rationalism, Rene Descartes is well-known. There is also the figure of John Locke, who sees the concept of tabula rasa—the idea that all people are formed equally—as a blank sheet of paper. In order for people to be able to reason and not constantly act like blank pieces of paper, they must be educated and trained.
4. Empiricism.
Experience serves as the basis for empiricism since it always delivers certainty derived from the real world. A statement that cannot be supported by experience is useless, according to this point of view.
5. Criticism.
A philosopher by the name of Emmanuel Kant succeeded in uniting rationalism with empiricism in the 18th century to create this critical viewpoint. This viewpoint contends, in essence, that since truth already distinguishes between rationalism and empiricism, there is no need to test it.
6. Constructivism.
Giambattista Vico advanced this theory in 1710, claiming that a person's knowledge is the product of the individual's building of himself through interactions with objects, phenomena, experiences, and their surroundings. E. Von Galsersfelf, a different authority from the University of Massachusetts, made the argument that a person's knowledge is produced through interaction with his surroundings.
Division of Philosophy.
This philosophy's existence is dynamic, not static, and it changes over time to become more logical and organized. Additionally, as time goes on, so does the human mindset. So here are six fields of philosophy-related study.
1. Epistemology.
The Greek terms episteme (knowledge) and logos are the source of the word epistemology (word, thought, or knowledge). So it is clear that this branch of philosophy, epistemology, is concerned with knowing. The basic question in epistemology relates to the genesis, make-up, traits, and varieties of knowledge.
2. Metaphysics.
The word itself is derived from the Greek metaphysika, which means "after physics." From a series of writings by Aristotle about the nature of the objects we perceive in the real world, Andronikos and Rhodes created this field of philosophy. Another way to put it is that this metaphysics is a thorough philosophical analysis of all that exists or all reality. There are two categories of metaphysics, namely:
a) Generally Accepted Metaphysics or Ontology.
Specifically, talking about everything at once and in its entirety. Typically, the discussion is conducted by separating and defining the genuine existence from the appearance of it.
b) Particular Metaphysics.
Cosmology, or the study of the world or of nature, is the analysis of the most fundamental structure of all reality.
Religion-related discourse, or metaphysical theology. usually touches with the topic of God.
Anthropological philosophy, which explores the nature of humans and how they interact with the environment. So, it is possible to say that this branch looks for solutions to problems relating to existence, status, and relationships.
3. Logic.
According to Rapar (1996), logic is a branch or subfield of philosophy that collects, develops, and examines normative procedures, formal rules, and principles in order to arrive at facts that can be justified by reason. In essence, this school of philosophy aims to strike a balance between language or thinking communicated through reason (verbal).
4. Ethics.
Because it analyzes the good and wrong in human action, this subfield of philosophy is often known as moral philosophy. In a nutshell, this school of philosophy analyzes behavior to understand how people behave. The importance of ethics in human life was recognized even in the time of Socrates. Ethics is the study of morality, or how people ought to behave in public. Furthermore, ethics does not inquire as to what or who persons are, but rather as to how they ought to behave.
5. Aesthetics.
This school of philosophy is focused on aesthetics and the arts. The rules and key qualities of beauty are explained, as well as how to measure beauty using human emotions and thoughts. However, this aesthetic has been studied since 2500 B.C. in a number of places, including Babylon, India, Egypt, China, and Greece.
6. Philosophy of Science.
The nature of science is the focus of this school of thought. Its application typically aims to clarify and strengthen the field of research by identifying the source of the issue and the reality principle being questioned. This branch of philosophy, like other academic fields, has its own subfields of study, such as the philosophy of law, the philosophy of history, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mathematics.
That's a summary of what philosophy is and a list of historical figures who are still revered as philosophers. Have you researched any of these thinkers' positions?
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